Carotid artery disease refers to the blockage of carotid arteries, which can give rise to complications such as stroke. Peripheral artery disease can occur due to narrowing and thereby result in a reduced perfusion of upper limbs, lower limbs, and pelvis. Major risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis include smoking, obesity, alcohol, reduced physical activity, family history and an unhealthy diet rich in cholesterol and fat components.
Most patients will not experience any sign or symptom until a major disastrous condition like a stroke or a myocardial infarction takes place. The diagnosis of atherosclerosis mainly includes the lipid profile which will reveal increased levels of total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL along with a reduced HDL level. Moreover, it is important to diagnose other comorbid conditions like hypertension and diabetes mellitus by making regular visits to the clinic.
However, major treatments for atherosclerosis includes lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking and alcohol, a healthy diet, exercise, reducing weight and avoiding stressful conditions.
This is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel which mainly consists of a platelet plug made out of aggregated platelets and a mesh of cross-linked fibrin proteins. A thrombus is usually a healthy response to a blood vessel wall injury, but the danger occurs when it tends to get detached from the wall, traveling to distant sites, obstructing the major blood vessels of important organs like lungs, heart, and brain.
Thrombosis can result in strokes, heart attacks, and pulmonary embolism. Fissuring commonly promotes thrombosis also in the lumen of the artery and may be followed by thrombus fragmentation and embolization. Mural thrombi may wax and wane, causing intermittent occlusions and fleeting, minor clinical symptoms. Further episodes of thrombosis increase the mass of the mural thrombus in the already restricted lumen and may herald the onset of ischemic symptoms, abruptly aggravate a stable clinical state and produce the crescendo type of unstable angina, dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction or sudden coronary death.
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