In Myanmar, labour is required on a large scale from villagers - including men, women, children and the elderly - for a range of purpose including cultivation, portering, sentry duty, and road or bridge construction and repairs. If villagers refuse to comply with orders, they can be subject to threats, imprisonment and violence.
As they are not recognized as workers, and deprived of labour rights in Asian countries, domestic workers may also be subjected to forced labour. To remedy this situation, both the Philippines and Indonesia now have bills that provide for a minimum wage for domestic workers, as well as for working hours and benefits similar to those for workers in other sectors.
Japan has recently embarked on a series of measures to eradicate the exploitation of migrant and trafficked women, including strict enforcement of the rules for entertainment visas, financial assistance for victims to return home, and intensified cooperation with origin countries.
The ILO is both helping Indonesia and the Philippines strengthen the outreach of domestic workers' organizations, and creating linkages with organizations of migrant workers in the neighbouring destination countries of Malaysia and Hong Kong SAR. In the Mekong Delta region, the ILO Mekong Trafficking Project is working to prevent ill-prepared migration of vulnerable groups like women and children who are easier to steer into forced labour through human trafficking.
Through technical cooperation projects in India, Pakistan and Nepal, the ILO is addressing bonded labour and assisting the governments in providing effective rehabilitation for released bonded families, targeting specific needs of the poorest-of-the-poor, especially women, who are most vulnerable to debt traps.
An important aspect is work with microfinance institutions to help them develop and offer specially adapted savings, loans and other financial services like life insurance, so that families no longer need turn to their employers or landlords for loans. The current political situation in Nepal, however, is a serious impediment to effective action. A major ILO initiative to prevent trafficking in women and girls between Cambodia, Yunan Province of China, Viet Nam, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Thailand has contributed towards reducing the vulnerability of girls and young women to trafficking by warning them of the dangers of ill-informed migration.
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Children were expected to work alongside their parents from the time they were 5 years old. If you woke up late, i. Between and , several thousand Indian indentured labourers helped build the Kenya-Uganda Railway, and rail construction projects also brought Indian 'coolies' to Kenya and to Natal South Africa.
An estimated seven percent of the indentured workers who built the Kenya-Uganda Railways died during their contract, according to historian Hugh Tinker Man-eating lions also attacked the rail construction brigades on several occasions, killing around one hundred workers.
Many workers tried to escape their harsh life but were recaptured, and imprisoned. Sometimes their initial five year contract was doubled to ten years for attempted desertion.
At the end of the contract, while some workers chose to return, others decided to stay where they were, particularly women who had left home following a disagreement with their parents because they were unlikely to be accepted back into their family after several years away in a distant country.
Contrary to popular belief, the vast majority of those who worked on the Kenya-Uganda railways returned to India after the end of their contract. Draw a picture to represent the working conditions on the plantations where indentured labourers worked.
Migrant workers did try to oppose the abuses of the indentured labour system, but this was difficult. Some sent petitions to the agents of the colonial government who administered the indenture system. According to historical records, indentured workers carried out acts of sabotage and revenge against the plantation owners on numerous occasions, but this just resulted in increased repression.
It said some were sent directly from detention camps. ASPI said the Uighurs were moved through labour transfer schemes operating under a central government policy known as Xinjiang Aid.
According to the report, the factories claim to be part of the supply chain for 83 well-known global brands, including Nike, Apple and Dell. The report said it was "extremely difficult" for Uighurs to refuse or escape the work assignments, with the threat of "arbitrary detention" hanging over them.
It added that there was evidence of local governments and private brokers being "paid a price per head" by the Xinjiang government to organise the assignments, which ASPI describes as "a new phase of the Chinese government's ongoing repression" of Uighurs. Reports of widespread detentions at internment camps in Xinjiang first emerged in Chinese authorities said the "vocational training centres" were being used to combat violent religious extremism.
But evidence showed many people were being detained for simply expressing their faith, by praying or wearing a veil, or for having overseas connections to places like Turkey. Beijing has faced growing international pressure over the issue.
Chinese state media says participation in labour transfer schemes is voluntary.
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